Formative Assessment

What is a formative assessment?

Many educational experts have provided definitions but, in summary, using the perspective that “formative assessment can inform teacher and student where the student is now so both can know what comes next in the learning” (Stiggins 2015) is the most instructive.

Or, as many explain, formative assessments are for learning and summative assessments are of learning. (Stiggins, Arter, J. Chappuis, and S. Chappuis, 2006, Caaspp 2015)

Why use formative assessments?

• To create useful formative assessments, we need to use clear learning targets. This step allows teachers and students to “ know where they are headed from the very beginning of the learning. Just start instruction with student-friendly versions of the target and watch what happens.” ( Richard J. Stiggins, 2015)
• A formative activity gives us a quick understanding what we still need to teach, reteach, or review.
• “For teachers, formative-assessment tools are far more important than summative tests because they offer real-time insight into students' understanding.  (Marianne Perie, 2015)  
• An in class formative assessment can lighten the homework practice time but still hold our students' accountable for assessing their content and skill acquisition.
• Specific feedback to students to help them understand and assess their own learning about the specific tasks and expectations needed for mastery. This process is crucial practice for learning how to learn and the growth mindset we want to provide our students.
• Some formative activities can be crafted to provide assessment practice to further address our students’ different levels of previous and outside of our class experiences.

How to begin to introduce formative assessments?

1. Create a safe classroom that honors the learning process.
2. Clarify the learning targets, and equally more powerful, clarify the learning progression.
3. Choose a format that serves your calendar and classroom constraints. ( see examples below)
4. Review your format to be sure you are getting accurate information from language learners.
5. Review edtech options for easy and engaging tech formats. Example: Socrative

Sample formative activities:

·    Role play: Write a Postcard from one person, character, property, formula  to another

·    Short summary: Write a summary for 5 min only.; later allow 2 more minutes.

·    Illustratration: Create a graphic depiction of the new concepts. Draw a storyboard, multiple axis timeline, or progression of learning, events, order of operations, process, rules.

·    Anonymous Assessment: Hand in, pass out, share: Write answers to one or a list of questions, students do not include their name on the paper, turn it in, hand work out to other students, score, poll results. Students can take notes on the response they are scoring and keep it for reference.

·    Diagram/Compare and contrast: Venn diagram 2 to 3 new concepts.

·    Check off: Provide a list of expectations or learning targets and students, using symbols, indicate what they have accomplished (√),  what they are sure they can do (+), what they currently have questions about (?).

·        Metacognition: Respond in a doc, form, exit card, journal write, summary to notes to the metacognitive “w”s : What did we do? Why did we do it? What did I learn? What can I apply? What are my questions?

·    Signal: Red (stop:I need more info) yellow (slow down), green (got it) cards or use all white cards with colored circles on one side so that only the teacher sees the indicator.

·    or: Thumbs up, to the side, or  down, again in front of the student’s chest to keep the response private.

·    Collaborative Conversation: Ask your elbow partner a question about what was just covered, listen to the response, reverse the roles, record and submit this work. This conversation can be conducted verbally or silently, all in written form, or as individual or a shared document.

·    Quick write for journal writes, exit cards, or pre collaborative conversations:

What are you square with?

What is rolling around in your head?

What are 3 key points to remember/act on?

            

or:

3 things I learned, 2 things I will apply/remember, 1 question I have.

More Resources:

Ask to see your course team colleagues' for samples they have used, Steve Kahl offers a list in his new teacher training,  David Wees provides a list of formative assessments, the CAASPP digital library focuses on this strategy, and Marzano’s explains both the research and theory that supports and clarifies Formative Assessment and Standards-Based Grading in his 2010 text.

Please add a comment with your favorites and feel free to contact Joy to help find or create some for your units.

Lasting learning: class and homework options

A teacher, a neurosurgeon, and a football coach or how about a actor, pianist, and pilot … the start of a good joke or some useful, well rounded research.

How about two cognitive scientists and a writer?

Peter Brown, Mark McDaniel, and Henry Roediger in Make it Stick, the Science of Successful Learning (2014) describe some of the latest research about learning and memory. Most of this information is not new to us at MVLAUHSD but it can inform our discussions about teaching and learning and could help us as we focus on best practices for both classwork and  homework.

A few ideas from their research to consider, including their learning from that teacher, neurosurgeon, coach, pilot, pianist, and actor:

Reflections:  In Make It Stick, the authors describe how successful professionals who are lifelong learners all require reflection of themselves and of their students. Two examples given are the daily free recall (requiring students to write for 10 minutes daily on what they learned) and weekly summary sheets instead of more traditional homework questions.

These directed summaries or reflections can require or recommend:

• retrieval of information and knowledge
• visualization
• diagrams
• lyrics and poetry
• generation: rephrasing in new words
• elaboration: connections of new information to previous learning
• plans on how to use new information differently

The authors’ discussion of reflections echo the work we have done in this district on using the best practice of summarizing, described in Wormeli’s and Marzano’s research and texts. I was surprised at how allowing some of my students to create a song as their summary to a few nights’ reading showed their ability to use many levels of learning and thinking. Having all of us in the class sing their lyrics (to the melody of the Addams family, including finger snapping) probably helped some students learn the content better than my categorization chart.  Certainly one of my students learned more from composing a law of supply rap than completing another vocab graphic.

Quick quizzes: To counter the “illusion of knowing” or a false familiarity that comes when students reread, highlight, skim, or work without owning a purpose, use low stakes testing as a “tool for learning.”  

Old school: flash cards.  New edtech: Flubaroo, Quizlet, Kahoots, Socrative

Testing groups instead of study groups.


Collaborative item analysis: A biology professor described in Make it Stick provides a few structures that support this type of learning: She has students (or you can provide) a few different answers to questions and asks students to raise fingers that match the number of the answer they chose. Students are directed to talk to another student who raised a number of fingers different from their own choice and share their reasoning.  
This activity can be also done with a shared document, using index cards, or random or teacher chosen pairings.

Combining content coverage with metacognitive skill development

At times our most diligent students “do the work” but don’t know what they don’t know.  Frequent informal quizzes can address this problem and model an effective learning strategy. Being transparent about your pedagogy and providing students with your reasons for for using quick quizzes instead of or as a supplement to traditional homework or classwork will teach our students how to learn and metacognitive skills.  

The biology professor also provides vocabulary to assist her students’ metacognition. Her students alert her that they have an “illusion of knowing” and ask how they can do better.

(page 230).  I ask my students to “continue their learning” rather than do test corrections.

Low stakes quizzes and formative assessments take time to generate but, with the help of your course teams and giving yourself a few years teaching your course, over time you can build a bank of quiz questions.  You can also substitute traditional homework questions for these quick quizzes. And more and more textbook publishers, data management, and testing services are providing assessments that can be used to support this work.

This type of retrieval activity does not limit our students’ critical thinking skills, but will build the knowledge they need for higher ordered learning in our disciplines.

Please comment and share your own strategies that help your subject stick for your students.

Thank you to Joanne Miyahara and Carol Evans for encouraging me to read Make It Stick.

Visualizations and Graphic Organizers

Now into the 2nd quarter, you might be looking for a new way for students to take notes, process information, and communicate their own understanding and analysis of your teaching and their learning.

Successful students may be ready for something other than Cornell/STAR notes and struggling students may need a different way to record and construct meaning from new information.

Provide a graphic organizer that perfectly portrays the process exemplified by your studetns' learning or, depending on the skill of your students or the sophistication of the material, allow students to decide on their own how to best graphically organize their thinking and learning.  Both options give students a strong understanding of both the new concept and their own metacognition.

Visualizations and graphic organizers are research proven methods of learning. For me, requiring a concept map added what was missing in my teaching and some of my students’ learning in one of my less engaging units.

A periodic table for Chemistry Teachers and their colleagues across the disciplines

Ralph Lengler and Martin J. Eppler  created a resource Periodic Table of Visualizations that provides various visuals and graphic organizers students can use.  Examples of Data, Information, Concept, Strategy, Metaphor, and Compound visualizatons are provided. Because the methods are categorized, metacognitive language, awareness, and cognition increases. The examples are also categorized by indicating process or structure outlines along with detail and/or overview visualizations. Indicators of convergent or divergent thinking are also noted. 

For more on the very thoughtful way they organized these structures, review their publication Towards a Periodic Table of Visualizations . Though Lengler and Eppler work in the Institute of Corporate Communication, the graphic organizers are useful for teaching and learning with our students.

Employing the best graphic organizers support our students’ growing critical thinking skills, deep understanding of our content, and supports their mastery of the following standards and practices:

ISTE Standards for students:

1. Creativity and innovation:  b. Create original works as a means of personal or group expression c. Use models and simulations to explore complex systems and issues
2. Communication and collaboration:  b. Communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences using a variety of media and formats

CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP4 Model with mathematics.

Mathematically proficient students  are able to identify important quantities in a practical situation and map their relationships using such tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs, flowcharts and formulas.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, & Technical Subjects  2: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.

2A grades 9-10: Introduce a topic and organize ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.

2A grades 11-12: Introduce a topic and organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.